No 77 - The Art and Science of UK GP: A Historical Timeline
A poster that we are presenting at SAPC SW
Dr Helen Leach and I are medical history nerds. (Helen actually has the qualifications). We thought it would be a good idea to try and summarise the history of General Practice into a single timeline. How hard could it be?
the-art-and-the-science-of-uk-general-practice-a-historical-review-and-timeline-poster-sapc-sw-ebmpdf/266744465 - This is the link to the poster.
The aim was to show how the practice of GP has developed, how technology, pharmacology and evidence-based medicine has changed what we do.
The ultimate goal is to produce a list of events, books, publications and studies that could be used to teach evidence based medicine (EBM) in GP.
I personally, want to build a list of studies which can be used as good and bad teaching examples. Sort of like a core curriculum. So future cohorts of medical students and trainees can have a standardised introduction to the subject.
A bit like what these teams have done:
This whole project is currently a work in progress, that I intend to come back to. If anyone else would like to help then please do get in touch.
For now, here are the references we have used so far to create this poster, it is in order of publication date:
1.Lind J. The James Lind Library. 1753 [cited 2024 Mar 11]. A Treatise of the Scurvy in Three Parts. Containing an Inquiry into the Nature, Causes and Cure of that Disease, together with a Critical and Chronological View of what has been published on the subject. Available from: https://www.jameslindlibrary.org/lind-j-1753/
2.Wellcome Collection [Internet]. 1900 [cited 2024 Mar 11]. The use of adrenal substance in the treatment of asthma / by Solomon Solis-Cohen. Available from: https://wellcomecollection.org/works/m6w9up6z
3.Jacobs MS. The History of Digitalis Therapy*Read before the Section on Medical History, College of Physicians, Phila., April 13, 1936. Ann Med Hist. 1936 Nov;8(6):492–9.
4.Hart PD. Chemotherapy of Tuberculosis—Part I. Br Med J. 1946 Nov 30;2(4482):805–10.
5.Collings J. GENERAL PRACTICE IN ENGLAND TODAY -A RECONNAISSANCE. The Lancet. 1950 Mar 25;255(6604):555.
6.Horder J, Horder E. Illness in general practice. Practitioner. 1954 Aug;173(1034):177–87.
7.Keys A, Anderson JT, Fidanza F, Keys MH, Swahn B. Effects of diet on blood lipids in man, particularly cholesterol and lipoproteins. Clin Chem. 1955 Feb;1(1):34–52.
8.Balint M. The doctor, his patient, and the illness. Lancet. 1955 Apr 2;268(6866):683–8.
9.Powell CE, Slater IH. Blocking of inhibitory adrenergic receptors by a dichloro analog of isoproterenol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1958 Apr;122(4):480–8.
10.Kannel WB, Dawber TR, Kagan A, Revotskie N, Stokes J. Factors of risk in the development of coronary heart disease--six year follow-up experience. The Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med. 1961 Jul;55:33–50.
11.Cervical cancer - UK National Screening Committee (UK NSC) - GOV.UK [Internet]. 1964 [cited 2024 Mar 11]. Available from: https://view-health-screening-recommendations.service.gov.uk/cervical-cancer/
12.WMA - The World Medical Association-WMA Declaration of Helsinki – Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects [Internet]. 1964 [cited 2024 Mar 11]. Available from: https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects/
13.Curwen M. “ Lord Moran’s Ladder .” Br J Gen Pract. 1964 Jan 1;7(1):38–65.
14.Borisy GG, Taylor EW. The mechanism of action of colchicine. Binding of colchincine-3H to cellular protein. J Cell Biol. 1967 Aug;34(2):525–33.
15.CABI Databases [Internet]. 1970 [cited 2024 Mar 11]. A handbook for research in general practice. Available from: https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/19702701581
16.Hart JT. THE INVERSE CARE LAW. The Lancet. 1971 Feb 27;297(7696):405–12.
17.Black JW, Duncan WA, Durant CJ, Ganellin CR, Parsons EM. Definition and antagonism of histamine H 2 -receptors. Nature. 1972 Apr 21;236(5347):385–90.
18.The Future General Practitioner—Learning and Teaching. Br J Gen Pract. 1972 Sep 1;22(122):629–30.
19.Belanger CF, Hennekens CH, Rosner B, Speizer FE. The nurses’ health study. Am J Nurs. 1978 Jun;78(6):1039–40.
20.Horder JP, Swift G. The history of vocational training for general practice. J R Coll Gen Pract. 1979 Jan;29(198):24–32.
21.Loudon ISL. THE ORIGINS AND GROWTH OF THE DISPENSARY MOVEMENT IN ENGLAND. Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 1981;55(3):322–42.
22.Gottlieb MS, Schroff R, Schanker HM, Weisman JD, Fan PT, Wolf RA, et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men: evidence of a new acquired cellular immunodeficiency. N Engl J Med. 1981 Dec 10;305(24):1425–31.
23.Loudon IS. James Mackenzie Lecture. The origin of the general practitioner. J R Coll Gen Pract. 1983 Jan;33(246):13–23.
24.Howie JG. Research in general practice: pursuit of knowledge or defence of wisdom? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1984 Dec 22;289(6460):1770–2.
25.Murray TS. Academic general practice--present state and future trends. J R Coll Gen Pract. 1986 May;36(286):195–6.
26.Patterson HR. The problems of audit and research. J R Coll Gen Pract. 1986 May;36(286):196.
27.Howie JG, Hannay DR, Stevenson JS. The Mackenzie report: general practice in the medical schools of the United Kingdom--1986. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986 Jun 14;292(6535):1567–71.
28.Davis RH. Harvard Davis lecture 1986. General practice and the unity of clinical medicine. J R Coll Gen Pract. 1987 May;37(298):196–8.
29.Howie JGR. Change, practice and research. In: Research in General Practice [Internet]. Springer, Boston, MA; 1989 [cited 2024 Mar 11]. p. 1–16. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4899-2981-5_1
30.Humans IWG on the E of CR to. Furosemide (Frusemide). In: Pharmaceutical Drugs [Internet]. International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1990 [cited 2024 Mar 11]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526234/
31.The Patient’s Charter - Hansard - UK Parliament [Internet]. 1991 [cited 2024 Mar 11]. Available from: https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/1992-01-22/debates/b793ae0e-e7d1-4ca2-aa48-a80ee0cc8843/ThePatientSCharter
32.Abraham EP, Chain E, Fletcher CM, Florey HW, Gardner AD, Heatley NG, et al. Further observations on penicillin. 1941. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1992;42(1):3–9.
33.Gray DP. History of the Royal College of General Practitioners--the first 40 years. Br J Gen Pract. 1992 Jan;42(354):29–35.
34.Cotton P. Women’s Health Initiative Leads Way as Research Begins to Fill Gender Gaps. JAMA. 1992 Jan 22;267(4):469–73.
35.Petchey R. Collings report on general practice in England in 1950: unrecognised, pioneering piece of British social research? BMJ. 1995 Jul 1;311(6996):40–2.
36.Hannay DR, Campion PD. University departments of general practice: a changing scene. Br J Gen Pract. 1996 Jan;46(402):35–6.
37.Hope B. The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity From Antiquity to the Present. BMJ. 1998 Feb 28;316(7132):713.
38.Wakefield AJ, Murch SH, Anthony A, Linnell J, Casson DM, Malik M, et al. Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. Lancet. 1998 Feb 28;351(9103):637–41.
39.Moorhead R. Sir James Mackenzie (1853-1925): views on general practice education and research. J R Soc Med. 1999 Jan;92(1):38–43.
40.Neville E. Modernising medical careers. Clin Med (Lond). 2003;3(6):529–31.
41.Greenhalgh T. Effectiveness and Efficiency: Random Reflections on Health Services. BMJ. 2004 Feb 28;328(7438):529.
42.Sabatowski R, Schafer D, Kasper S, Brunsch H, Radbruch L. Pain Treatment: A Historical Overview. CPD. 2004 Mar 1;10(7):701–16.
43.Chain E, Florey HW, Gardner AD, Heatley NG, Jennings MA, Orr-Ewing J, et al. THE CLASSIC: penicillin as a chemotherapeutic agent. 1940. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005 Oct;439:23–6.
44.Kmietowicz Z. A century of general practice. BMJ. 2006 Jan 7;332(7532):39–40.
45.Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C, Vinogradova Y, Robson J, May M, Brindle P. Derivation and validation of QRISK, a new cardiovascular disease risk score for the United Kingdom: prospective open cohort study. BMJ. 2007 Jul 21;335(7611):136.
46.Bynum W, Bynum W. The History of Medicine: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press; 2008. 192 p. (Very Short Introductions).
47.Bosch F, Rosich L. The Contributions of Paul Ehrlich to Pharmacology: A Tribute on the Occasion of the Centenary of His Nobel Prize. Pharmacology. 2008 Oct;82(3):171–9.
48.Ramachandraiah CT, Subramaniam N, Tancer M. The story of antipsychotics: Past and present. Indian J Psychiatry. 2009;51(4):324–6.
49.Simon C. From Generalism to Specialty—A Short History of General Practice. InnovAiT. 2009 Jan 1;2(1):2–9.
50.Retraction--Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. Lancet. 2010 Feb 6;375(9713):445.
51.ENDO A. A historical perspective on the discovery of statins. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. 2010 May 11;86(5):484–93.
52.minervation. The James Lind Library. 2010 [cited 2024 Mar 11]. McBride WG (1961). Available from: https://www.jameslindlibrary.org/mcbride-wg-1961/
53.Black J. A Life in New Drug Research. Br J Pharmacol. 2010 Jul;160(Suppl 1):S15–25.
54.Howie JG. Academic general practice: reflections on a 60-year journey. Br J Gen Pract. 2010 Aug 1;60(577):620–3.
55.Baker JG, Hill SJ, Summers RJ. Evolution of β-blockers: from anti-anginal drugs to ligand-directed signalling. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2011 Apr;32(4–2):227–34.
56.Administrator S. A brief history of the GPC and LMCs [Internet]. Pulse Today. 2012 [cited 2024 Mar 11]. Available from: https://www.pulsetoday.co.uk/news/practice-personal-finance/a-brief-history-of-the-gpc-and-lmcs/
57.Quianzon CC, Cheikh I. History of insulin. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2012 Jul 16;2(2):10.3402/jchimp.v2i2.18701.
58.Reeve J, Irving G, Freeman G. Dismantling Lord Moran’s ladder: the primary care expert generalist. Br J Gen Pract. 2013 Jan;63(606):34–5.
59.Hellenberg DA. A short history of academic general practice in UK medical schools. African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine [Internet]. 2013 Jan 1 [cited 2024 Mar 11];5(1). Available from: https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=HRCA&sw=w&issn=20712928&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA341819646&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs
60.A Brief History of Psychiatric Drug Development | Articles [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2024 Mar 11]. Available from: https://www.bap.org.uk/articles/a-brief-history-of-psychiatric-drug-development/
61.The True History of GP Out of Hours Services [Internet]. A Better NHS. 2013 [cited 2024 Mar 11]. Available from: https://abetternhs.net/2013/05/10/true-history/
62.Calcaterra NE, Barrow JC. Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Diazepam (Valium). ACS Chem Neurosci. 2014 Feb 19;5(4):253–60.
63.SAPC-admin. SAPC. 2015 [cited 2024 Mar 11]. A short history of SAPC. Available from: https://sapc.ac.uk/article/short-history-of-sapc
64.boudiccas. TGmeds. 2015 [cited 2024 Mar 11]. The Patient’s Charter and You - a Charter for England. Available from: http://www.tgmeds.org.uk/patientscharter.html
65.History | Nurses’ Health Study [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2024 Mar 11]. Available from: https://nurseshealthstudy.org/about-nhs/history
66.National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2024 Mar 11]. Story of Discovery: SGLT2 inhibitors: harnessing the kidneys to help treat diabetes - NIDDK. Available from: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/news/archive/2016/story-discovery-sglt2-inhibitors-harnessing-kidneys-help-treat-diabetes
67.Oduah EI, Linhardt RJ, Sharfstein ST. Heparin: Past, Present, and Future. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2016 Jul 4;9(3):38.
68.Wawrzynczak E. History of General Practice [Internet]. British Society for the History of Medicine. 2016 [cited 2024 Mar 11]. Available from: https://bshm.org.uk/history-general-practice-radio-4/
69.Strand DS, Kim D, Peura DA. 25 Years of Proton Pump Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review. Gut Liver. 2017 Jan;11(1):27–37.
70.Stein SW, Thiel CG. The History of Therapeutic Aerosols: A Chronological Review. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv. 2017 Feb 1;30(1):20–41.
71.Gaynes R. The Discovery of Penicillin—New Insights After More Than 75 Years of Clinical Use. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 May;23(5):849–53.
72.June 2018 EB on the 26. The NHS at 70: General practice 1968 to 1999 [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2024 Mar 11]. Available from: https://www.gponline.com/article/1485320
73.Ben-Chetrit E. Colchicine. Textbook of Autoinflammation. 2018 Jul 31;729–49.
74.Hutchings MI, Truman AW, Wilkinson B. Antibiotics: past, present and future. Current Opinion in Microbiology. 2019 Oct 1;51:72–80.
75.Thomas C. Invigorated Writers, Quieted Children, and Self-Interested Pharmacists: The Proliferation of Opium in 19th Century Britain. Young Historians Conference [Internet]. 2020 Apr 27; Available from: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/younghistorians/2020/papers/8
76.History of the General Medical Council - Mr A Alexander Taylor MBBS MD FRCOG PGCMED [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2024 Mar 11]. Available from: https://aalextaylor.co.uk/articles/history-of-the-general-medical-council/
77.Kevin McConville. The history of GP training - [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2024 Mar 11]. Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/17557380221141725?icid=int.sj-full-text.similar-articles.4
78.A Brief History of Antipsychotic Meds [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2024 Mar 11]. Available from: httpss://www.beckmancoulter.com/blog/diagnostics/a-brief-history-of-antipsychotic-meds
79.Origins of General Practice – American Academy of General Physicians [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2024 Mar 11]. Available from: https://aagp-academy.org/origins-of-general-practice/
80.Mughal F, Atherton H, Reeve J, Mallen CD. Academic primary care: challenges and opportunities. Br J Gen Pract. 2022 Mar;72(716):104–5.
81.A short history of general practice: Professional roots – BJGP Life [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2024 Mar 11]. Available from: https://bjgplife.com/a-short-history-of-general-practice-professional-roots/
82.A short history of general practice: Consumerist medicine – BJGP Life [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2024 Mar 11]. Available from: https://bjgplife.com/a-short-history-of-general-practice-consumerist-medicine/
83.Heestermans M, Poenou G, Hamzeh-Cognasse H, Cognasse F, Bertoletti L. Anticoagulants: A Short History, Their Mechanism of Action, Pharmacology, and Indications. Cells. 2022 Oct 13;11(20):3214.
84.Aspirin Foundation [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2024 Mar 11]. Timeline of Aspirin | The International Aspirin Foundation. Available from: https://www.aspirin-foundation.com/history/timeline/
85.Paladini A, Penaloza JB, Sanchez RP, Ergönenç T, Varrassi G, Paladini A, et al. Bridging Old and New in Pain Medicine: An Historical Review. Cureus [Internet]. 2023 Aug 17 [cited 2024 Mar 11];15(8). Available from: https://www.cureus.com/articles/169478-bridging-old-and-new-in-pain-medicine-an-historical-review
86.Freya Purcell, Heather Heath, Lindy Tweten, Preksha Kothari, and Philip Milnes-Smith. Life in the doctor’s bag: Lost and found [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Mar 11]. Available from: https://www.rcgp.org.uk/about/museum-heritage/doctors-bag-exhibition/lost-found
87.Nuffield Trust [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Mar 11]. Health care before the NHS. Available from: https://www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/chapter/inheritance
88.Opium Throughout History [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Mar 11]. Available from: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/heroin/etc/history.html
89.The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. In: Wikipedia [Internet]. 2024. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.orghttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Structure_of_Scientific_Revolutions&oldid=1211993182
90.Illich: Limits to medicine - Google Scholar [Internet]. [cited 2024 Mar 11]. Available from: https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Limits%20to%20Medicine&publication_year=1976&author=Illich%2CI